Required Properties, Generic Math Support, Static Abstract Members in Interfaces, and UTF-8 String Literals.

 

1. Required Properties

In C# 11, the required keyword was introduced to enforce that certain properties must be initialized during object creation. This helps ensure that objects are always created in a valid state without relying on constructors alone.

Example: Required Properties

public class Person
{
    public required string FirstName { get; set; }
    public required string LastName { get; set; }
    public int Age { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        // The required properties must be initialized during object creation
        var person = new Person { FirstName = "John", LastName = "Doe", Age = 30 };
        
        Console.WriteLine($"{person.FirstName} {person.LastName}, Age: {person.Age}");

        // var invalidPerson = new Person { Age = 30 }; // This would cause a compile-time error
    }
}
  • Explanation: The required keyword ensures that FirstName and LastName are always initialized. If these properties are not set during object creation, the compiler throws an error, ensuring the object is never created in an invalid state.

2. Generic Math Support

C# 11 introduces Generic Math Support, allowing you to use mathematical operators like +, -, *, and / with generic types that are constrained to numeric types. This makes it possible to write more flexible and reusable algorithms that work across different numeric types.

Example: Generic Math Support

public class Calculator<T> where T : INumber<T>
{
    public T Add(T a, T b) => a + b;
    public T Multiply(T a, T b) => a * b;
}

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        var intCalculator = new Calculator<int>();
        Console.WriteLine(intCalculator.Add(3, 4));  // Output: 7
        Console.WriteLine(intCalculator.Multiply(3, 4));  // Output: 12

        var doubleCalculator = new Calculator<double>();
        Console.WriteLine(doubleCalculator.Add(2.5, 3.5));  // Output: 6
        Console.WriteLine(doubleCalculator.Multiply(2.5, 3.5));  // Output: 8.75
    }
}
  • Explanation: In this example, the Calculator<T> class can perform addition and multiplication on any type that implements the INumber<T> interface, such as int and double. The new INumber<T> interface, part of the System.Numerics namespace, enables this generic math support.

3. Static Abstract Members in Interfaces

C# 11 introduces static abstract members in interfaces, allowing interfaces to declare static members that must be implemented by concrete types. This is useful in generic programming scenarios where you want to ensure that implementing types provide specific static methods.

Example: Static Abstract Members in Interfaces

public interface IFactory<T>
{
    static abstract T Create();
}

public class Car : IFactory<Car>
{
    public static Car Create() => new Car { Make = "Toyota", Model = "Corolla" };
    public string Make { get; set; }
    public string Model { get; set; }
}

public class Truck : IFactory<Truck>
{
    public static Truck Create() => new Truck { Make = "Ford", Model = "F-150" };
    public string Make { get; set; }
    public string Model { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        var car = Car.Create();
        var truck = Truck.Create();

        Console.WriteLine($"{car.Make} {car.Model}");  // Output: Toyota Corolla
        Console.WriteLine($"{truck.Make} {truck.Model}");  // Output: Ford F-150
    }
}
  • Explanation: The IFactory<T> interface declares a static abstract T Create() method. Both Car and Truck classes implement this method, ensuring that each type can be created using the static Create method. This feature allows more powerful and flexible designs in generic programming.

4. UTF-8 String Literals

C# 11 introduces UTF-8 string literals, which allow string literals to be represented as UTF-8 encoded bytes using the u8 suffix. This feature is useful for optimizing performance in scenarios where you work with UTF-8 data directly, such as network protocols or file I/O.

Example: UTF-8 String Literals

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        ReadOnlySpan<byte> utf8Text = "Hello, UTF-8!"u8;
        
        foreach (var b in utf8Text)
        {
            Console.Write($"{b:X2} ");  // Outputs UTF-8 encoded bytes in hex
        }

        // Output: 48 65 6C 6C 6F 2C 20 55 54 46 2D 38 21 
    }
}
  • Explanation: The u8 suffix converts the string "Hello, UTF-8!" into a ReadOnlySpan<byte> containing its UTF-8 encoded bytes. This is useful in performance-sensitive scenarios where handling raw UTF-8 bytes is needed, such as low-level network communication.

Summary

  1. Required Properties: Introduces the required keyword to enforce that certain properties must be initialized during object creation, ensuring that objects are always in a valid state.
  2. Generic Math Support: Adds support for using mathematical operators with generics constrained to numeric types, enabling more flexible and reusable numeric algorithms.
  3. Static Abstract Members in Interfaces: Allows static members to be declared in interfaces, ensuring that implementing types provide specific static methods, making generic programming more powerful.
  4. UTF-8 String Literals: Introduces the u8 suffix for string literals to represent them as UTF-8 encoded bytes, improving performance in scenarios where UTF-8 data needs to be handled directly.

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